Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations / Toxicidade subletal do carbofurano na garça-vaqueira (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): alterações hematológicas, bioquímicas e histopatológicas

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate Carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological changes in cattle egret. Two hundred cattle egrets were reared and equally divided into four groups and given different CF concentrations (0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0 mg/L (control group)). Hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immunological markers were studied. Our results confirm that CF induces anemic conditions, leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymatic activity, and alterations in renal biomarkers. Moreover, specific microscopic lesions such as multifocal necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammatory cell proliferation were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. These findings suggest that CF can induce harmful effects, so the application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as alterações patológicas induzidas por carbofurano (CF) em garças-vaqueiras. Duzentas dessas garças foram criadas e divididas igualmente em quatro grupos e receberam diferentes concentrações de CF: 0,03 mg/L; 0,02 mg/L; 0,01 mg/L; e 0 mg/L (grupo controle). Foram realizadas análises de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, histopatologia e marcadores imunológicos. Nossos resultados confirmaram que CF induz condições anêmicas, leucocitose, atividade enzimática hepática elevada e alterações nos biomarcadores renais. Além disso, lesões microscópicas específicas, como necrose multifocal, núcleos picnóticos, hemorragias, congestão e proliferação de células inflamatórias, foram observadas no fígado, rim, baço e timo. Esses achados sugerem que o CF pode causar efeitos nocivos, portanto a aplicação desse agrotóxico no campo deve ser rigorosamente monitorada para mitigar a possibilidade de exposição a espécies não alvo.

Clinico-pathological assessment of virulent Newcastle Disease Virus in ducks / Avaliação clínico-patológica do Vírus da Doença de Newcastle em patos

Abstract Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.

Resumo A doença de Newcastle (DN) é uma doença infecciosa, altamente contagiosa e letal de espécies aviárias. Considera-se que os patos são reservatórios ou portadores naturais do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) e são resistentes a diferentes cepas de VDN. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a patogênese da DN em patos domésticos por meio de histopatologia, imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e alterações bioquímicas séricas. Para este propósito, 80 patos foram criados por 42 dias e divididos em dois grupos A e B. Os patos do grupo A foram submetidos ao VDN a uma taxa de 0,1 ml de ELD50 (título viral de 107,32 / 100 µl) na segunda semana de idade, enquanto o Grupo B foi controle negativo. Esplenomegalia, atrofia do timo e lesão necrótica no rim foram observadas no 9º dia pós-infecção. Degeneração hepática e infiltração de células mononucleares foram observadas no proventrículo e intestino em patos infectados. Antígeno viral foi detectado em pulmões, intestino, proventrículo e órgãos linfoides de patos infectados por IHQ. Os valores de albumina e proteína total foram significativamente baixos no grupo A infectado em comparação com o grupo B. Os valores de ALT, AST e ALP foram significativamente altos no grupo A. No 5º e no 7º dia após a infecção, os esfregaços orofaríngeos foram negativos para VDN, enquanto os esfregaços cloacais foram positivos para VDN por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa. Conclui-se que os patos são suscetíveis ao VDN e à cepa virulenta de VDN que causou doenças em patos.

Sublethal toxicity of carbofuran in cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis coromandus): hematological, biochemical, and histopathological alterations

Abstract This study was aimed to investigate Carbofuran (CF)-induced pathological changes in cattle egret. Two hundred cattle egrets were reared and equally divided into four groups and given different CF concentrations (0.03 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.01 mg/L and 0 mg/L (control group)). Hematology, serum biochemistry, histopathology, and immunological markers were studied. Our results confirm that CF induces anemic conditions, leukocytosis, elevated liver enzymatic activity, and alterations in renal biomarkers. Moreover, specific microscopic lesions such as multifocal necrosis, pyknotic nuclei, hemorrhages, congestion, and inflammatory cell proliferation were observed in the liver, kidney, spleen, and thymus. These findings suggest that CF can induce harmful effects, so the application of this pesticide in the field must be strictly monitored to mitigate the possibility of exposure to non-target species.

Resumo Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar as alterações patológicas induzidas por carbofurano (CF) em garças-vaqueiras. Duzentas dessas garças foram criadas e divididas igualmente em quatro grupos e receberam diferentes concentrações de CF: 0,03 mg/L; 0,02 mg/L; 0,01 mg/L; e 0 mg/L (grupo controle). Foram realizadas análises de hematologia, bioquímica sérica, histopatologia e marcadores imunológicos. Nossos resultados confirmaram que CF induz condições anêmicas, leucocitose, atividade enzimática hepática elevada e alterações nos biomarcadores renais. Além disso, lesões microscópicas específicas, como necrose multifocal, núcleos picnóticos, hemorragias, congestão e proliferação de células inflamatórias, foram observadas no fígado, rim, baço e timo. Esses achados sugerem que o CF pode causar efeitos nocivos, portanto a aplicação desse agrotóxico no campo deve ser rigorosamente monitorada para mitigar a possibilidade de exposição a espécies não alvo.

Clinico-pathological assessment of virulent Newcastle Disease Virus in ducks

Abstract Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious, highly contagious and lethal disease of avian species. It is considered that ducks are natural reservoir or carrier for Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and are resistant against different strains of NDV. Current study was designed to evaluate the pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in domestic ducks through histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and serum biochemical changes. For this purpose, eighty ducks were reared for 42 days and divided in two groups A and B. Ducks in group A were challenged with (NDV) at rate of 0.1 ml of ELD50 (virus titer 107.32/100µl) on second week of age, whereas Group B was control negative. Splenomegaly, atrophy of thymus and necrotic lesion in kidney were observed on 9th day of post infection. Hepatic degeneration and mononuclear cell infiltration were noticed in proventriculus and intestine in challenged ducks. Viral antigen detected in lungs, intestine, proventriculus and lymphoid organs of infected ducks through IHC. Albumin and total protein values were significantly low in infected groups A as compared to control group B. ALT, AST, and ALP values were significantly high in infected group A. On 5th and 7th day of post infection oropharyngeal swabs were negative for NDV and cloacal swabs were positive for NDV through Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. It is concluded that ducks are susceptible to NDV and virulent strain of NDV caused disease in ducks.

Resumo A doença de Newcastle (DN) é uma doença infecciosa, altamente contagiosa e letal de espécies aviárias. Considera-se que os patos são reservatórios ou portadores naturais do vírus da doença de Newcastle (VDN) e são resistentes a diferentes cepas de VDN. O presente estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a patogênese da DN em patos domésticos por meio de histopatologia, imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e alterações bioquímicas séricas. Para este propósito, 80 patos foram criados por 42 dias e divididos em dois grupos A e B. Os patos do grupo A foram submetidos ao VDN a uma taxa de 0,1 ml de ELD50 (título viral de 107,32 / 100 µl) na segunda semana de idade, enquanto o Grupo B foi controle negativo. Esplenomegalia, atrofia do timo e lesão necrótica no rim foram observadas no 9º dia pós-infecção. Degeneração hepática e infiltração de células mononucleares foram observadas no proventrículo e intestino em patos infectados. Antígeno viral foi detectado em pulmões, intestino, proventrículo e órgãos linfoides de patos infectados por IHQ. Os valores de albumina e proteína total foram significativamente baixos no grupo A infectado em comparação com o grupo B. Os valores de ALT, AST e ALP foram significativamente altos no grupo A. No 5º e no 7º dia após a infecção, os esfregaços orofaríngeos foram negativos para VDN, enquanto os esfregaços cloacais foram positivos para VDN por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase via transcriptase reversa. Conclui-se que os patos são suscetíveis ao VDN e à cepa virulenta de VDN que causou doenças em patos.

Effects of Mucuna Milk (Mucuna pruriens L.) on Body Weight and Serum Biochemistry in Rats Fed Hyperlipidaemic Diet

Aims: to investigate the potential of Mucuna milk to influence weight gain, blood lipid levels and redox status in a rat model on a high-fat diet. Study Design: 42 healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 7 groups of 6 rats. Group I received a standard diet; Group II was fed a high fat diet only; Group III was fed a high fat diet and treated with Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg per day) orally for 4 weeks; Group IV, V, VI and VII were tests groups fed a high fat diet and given orally 20 mL of vegetable milk. Methodology: Mucuna milks were produced from two varieties of Mucuna seeds. Three controls (I, II, III) made of normal rats fed with standard diet, rats fed with high fat diet and rats fed with high fat diet received orally atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day). In addition, four test groups (IV, V, VI, VII) consisting of rats fed a high fat diet received oral administration of 20 mL of vegetable milk per day (10 mL at morning and 10 mL in the afternoon). Results: After four weeks, rats on a high-fat diet had an increase in their initial body weight of about 224%, with higher abdominal fat. A significant increase (P<0.05) in lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the liver and heart was also observed. However, oral administration of Mucuna milk inhibited weight gain (about 66% reduction) and abdominal fat (54.53 – 55.60% reduction). The reduction of LDL, VLDL, Triglycerides and Total cholesterol was remarkable in the groups of rats treated with vegetable milk, as about 67% of reduction was observed with dehulled Mucuna milks (DCM, DVM) and 69 % of reduction with whole Mucuna milks (WCM, WVM). The hyperlipidaemic group of rats had higher levels of ASAT (134.17 UI/L) and ALAT (101.72 UI/L). However, Mucuna milks improved the ASAT and ALAT levels in rats. The reduction of MDA (70-50%) was related to phenolic content of Mucuna milks. Moreover, significant and negative correlations was observed between catalase and MDA (r= -0.86; P =0.05); MDA and SOD (r= - 0.60; P=0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that treatment with Mucuna milks has anti-hyperlipidaemia properties and can increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

Studies on Haemto-biochemical and Physiological Parameters in Canine Pyometra

Canine pyometra is an acute or chronic polysystemic diestrual disorder mainly of mature nulliparous bitches. In this retrospective study, an attempt was made to analyse the physiological and haemato-biochemical parameters of a total of 22 affected bitches attended at Sneh Vet lab and Clinic Bhadra, Bhiwani, (Haryana). The findings revealed pyrexia and tachycardia with normal respiration rate in most of the pyometra affected bitches. Amongst the haemato-biochemical parameters, there were reduced levels of haemoglobin, packed cell volume and total erythrocyte count, along with severe leucocytosis, neutrophilia with shift to left, lymphopenia, eosinophilia and elevated BUN and serum creatinine in the bitches affected with pyometra suggesting bone marrow and renal damage. However, the mean values of mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin as well as serum ALT and AST were within the normal range, confirming normocytic normochromic anaemia without liver dysfunction.

The proportion of fine particles in pelleted diets does not affect the performance of slow-growing broiler chickens / La proporción de partículas finas en dietas peletizadas no afecta el desempeño del pollo de engorde de lento crecimiento / Proporção de partículas finas em dietas peletizadas não afeta o desempenho de frangos de corte com crescimento lento

Abstract Background: The slow-growing chicken strains have particular nutritional and digestive needs, so they may digest pelleted feeds differently compared to commercial strains. Objective: To evaluate performance, digestibility, serum biochemical profile, digestive morphometry, carcass and cut yields of slow-growing broiler chickens fed pelleted feed with different concentrations of fine particles. Methods: A total of 180 slow-growing broiler chicks (Isa Label strain) aged one day were used. The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design with a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (Sex: male or female; Proportion of fine particles: 0, 50, or 100%), with six repetitions of five birds/cage. The birds received water and feed ad libitum during the 28-day experimental period. Results: The proportion of fine particles did not affect the metabolic, digestive or productive variables evaluated. Males showed better overall performance, while females produced better thigh and liver yields. Conclusion: The proportion of fine particles in pelleted feeds did not affect productive or metabolic parameters. Thus, improving pellet quality for slow-growing broilers during the initial rearing phase may not be justified.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los linajes de pollo de crecimiento lento presentan particularidades nutricionales y digestivas; por lo tanto, es posible que aprovechen los alimentos peletizados de manera diferente a los linajes comerciales. Objetivo: evaluar el desempeño, digestibilidad, perfil sérico bioquímico, morfometría digestiva, rendimiento de la carcasa y los cortes de pollos de engorde de crecimiento lento alimentados con raciones peletizadas con diferentes concentraciones de partículas finas. Métodos: Se utilizaron 180 pollitos machos y hembras, de crecimiento lento, de un día de edad, del linaje Isa Label. Los animales se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente aleatorizado y en un esquema factorial 2 x 3 (Sexo: macho y hembras; Proporción de partículas finas en la ración: 0, 50, y 100%) con seis repeticiones de cinco aves/jaula. Las aves recibieron agua y ración ad libitum durante el período de prueba de 28 días. Resultados: la proporción de partículas finas no afectó las variables metabólicas, digestibles y productivas evaluadas. Los machos presentaron mejor desempeño, mientras que las hembras tuvieron mayor rendimiento de muslos e hígado. Conclusión: la proporción de partículas finas en raciones peletizadas no afecta los parámetros productivos y metabólicos. Por lo tanto, probablemente no se justifica mejorar la calidad del pelet para pollos de crecimiento lento en la fase inicial de cría.

Resumo Antecedentes: linhagens de crescimento lento apresentam particularidades nutricionais e digestivas, portanto é possível que aproveitem os alimentos peletizados de maneira diferente das linhagens comerciais. Objetivo: avaliar o desempenho, digestibilidade dos alimentos, o perfil sérico bioquímico, a morfometria digestiva, rendimento de carcaça e cortes de frangos de corte com crescimento lento alimentados com rações peletizadas com diferentes concentrações de partículas finas. Métodos: Foram utilizados 180 pintos de corte, machos e fêmeas de crescimento lento, com um dia de idade, da linhagem Isa Label. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (Sexo: macho e fêmeas; Proporção de partículas finas na ração: 0, 50, e 100%) com seis repetições de cinco aves/gaiola. As aves receberam água e ração ad libtum durante o período experimental de 28 dias. Resultados: a proporção de partículas finas não afetou as variáveis metabólicas, digestórias e produtivas avaliadas. Os machos apresentaram melhor desempenho, enquanto as fêmeas tiverem maior rendimento de coxas e fígado. Conclusão: a proporção de partículas finas nas rações peletizadas não afetaram os parâmetros produtivos e metabólicos e, portanto, não justifica-se melhorias na qualidade de peletes de rações para frangos de crescimento lento na fase inicial de criação.

Effect of hydro-methanol stem extract of Anacardium occidentale on haematology and serum biochemistry in cockerels / Efecto del extracto de hidro-metanol del tallo de Anacardium occidentale sobre la hematología y la bioquímica del suero en gallos jóvenes

Abstract This study aims to investigate the effects of orally administered graded doses of hydro-methanol stem extract from Anacardium occidentale (MSEAO) on the haematology and serum biochemistry of chickens. Forty, 8-weeks old cockerel chickens were randomly assigned into four groups (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4) of ten birds each. Groups 1, 2 and 3 received 3000, 1500 and 500 mg/kg body weight of MSEAO, respectively, while chickens in control group (group 4) were given drinking water placebo. Blood samples were collected from all chickens on day 0- and 48-hours post-treatment. Haematology and serum biochemistry were evaluated following standard procedures. The results showed that most of the haematological parameters in the treated groups did not differ significantly as compared to the control group. The serum biochemistry results showed that the serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity ingroups 1 and 2 were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that ingroups 3 and 4. Serum uric acid levels ingroups 1 and 2 chickens were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that in the control group, while the creatinine levels of chickens in the treated groups were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of chickens in the control group. It was concluded that MSEAO, as used in the study, led to significant changes in heterophil counts, serum ALT and ALP activities, uric acid, creatinine, and calcium levels.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio es investigar los efectos de dosis graduales de extracto de hidro-metanol del tallo de Anacardium occidentale (MSEAO) administradas por vía oral sobre la hematología y bioquímica del suero de polluelos. Cuarenta pollos de 8 semanas de edad fueron asignados al azar en cuatro grupos (1, 2, 3 y 4) de diez pollos cada grupo. Los grupos 1, 2 y 3 recibieron 3000, 1500 y 500 mg/kg de peso corporal de MSEAO, respectivamente, mientras que a los pollos del grupo de control [grupo 4] se les dio agua de beber como placebo. Se tomaron muestras de sangre de todos los pollos a las 0 y 48 horas después del tratamiento. Se evaluó la hematología y la bioquímica del suero siguiendo procedimientos estándares. Los resultados mostraron que la mayoría de parámetros hematológicos en los grupos tratados no difirieron significativamente con respecto al grupo de control. Los resultados de la bioquímica del suero mostraron que la actividad de la alanina aminotransferasa en el suero (ALT) en los grupos 1 y 2 fue significativamente inferior (P < 0.05) a la de los grupos 3 y 4. Los niveles de ácido úrico en el suero en los pollos de los grupos 1 y 2 fueron significativamente inferiores (P < 0.05) a los del grupo de control, mientras que los niveles de creatinina de los pollos en los grupos de tratamiento fueron significativamente inferiores (P< 0.05) a los de los pollos del grupo de control. Se concluyó que el MSEAO, como se usó en este estudio, produjo cambios significativos en los conteos de heterófilos, en las actividades de ALT y ALP del suero y en los niveles de ácido úrico, creatinina y calcio.

Clinical and laboratory findings in sheep experimentally poisoned by Palicourea marcgravii and the use of magnesium chloride with possible therapeutic effect on poisoning / Achados clínicos e laboratoriais em ovinos experimentalmente intoxicados por Palicourea marcgravii e o uso do cloreto de magnésio com possível efeito terapêutico na intoxicação

This study aimed to examine the efficacy of magnesium chloride therapy in sheep experimentally poisoned by Palicourea marcgravii and describe the clinical and laboratory findings that may aid in early ante mortem diagnosis of this poisoning. P. marcgravii is an important plant within a group of 22 species in Brazil that cause "sudden death." Its toxic component is sodium monofluoroacetate. It was observed that a time for evolution of poisoning was longer in our study compared to other studies that used the same dose of P. marcgravii in sheep. However, all animals that were poisoned and subsequently treated with magnesium chloride died. The sheep presented characteristic clinical signs before death in addition to other signs that have not been previously described for this type of poisoning, such as abdominal breathing, coughing, head pressing, and nystagmus. This is the first evaluation of hematological parameters of sheep poisoned by P. marcgravii. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and hyperglycemia, associated with hypophosphatemia and elevated levels of serum aspartato aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were observed. Additionally, changes were noted in necropsy, such as engorged jugular, large vessel congestion, pulmonary edema. Histological examination revealed vacuolar hydropic degeneration in the distal twisted uriniferous tubules in the kidneys, similar to those reported in previous studies on P. marcgravii poisoning.(AU)

O presente estudo objetivou verificar a eficácia terapêutica do cloreto de magnésio em ovinos intoxicados experimentalmente por Palicourea marcgravii e descrever os achados clínicos e laboratoriais que possam auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce ante mortem dessa intoxicação. P. marcgravii é a principal planta dentro de um grupo de 22 espécies que causam "morte súbita" no Brasil e seu princípio tóxico é o monofluoracetato de sódio. Durante o procedimento, observou-se maior tempo de evolução em relação a outros trabalhos utilizando-se a mesma dose da P. marcgravii em ovinos, entretanto todos os animais intoxicados e posteriormente tratados com cloreto de magnésio vieram a óbito. Os ovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos característicos antes da morte, associados a sinais nunca antes descritos nesse tipo de intoxicação, como respiração abdominal, tosse, "head pressing" e nistagmo. Trata-se da primeira avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos de ovinos intoxicados por P. marcgravi. Foi observado leucocitose com neutrofilia, hiperfibrinogemia e hiperglicemia, associado a elevação dos valores séricos de AST, GLDH, ureia, creatinina, CK, LDH e hipofosfatemia. À necropsia foram notadas alterações como jugular ingurgitada, congestão de grandes vasos, edema pulmonar. Histologicamente havia degeneração hidrópica vacuolar nos túbulos uriníferos contorcidos distais no rim, semelhantes às já relatadas em estudos anteriores, na intoxicação por P. marcgravii.(AU)

Clinical and laboratory findings in sheep experimentally poisoned by Palicourea marcgravii and the use of magnesium chloride with possible therapeutic effect on poisoning

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to examine the efficacy of magnesium chloride therapy in sheep experimentally poisoned by Palicourea marcgravii and describe the clinical and laboratory findings that may aid in early ante mortem diagnosis of this poisoning. P. marcgravii is an important plant within a group of 22 species in Brazil that cause sudden death. Its toxic component is sodium monofluoroacetate. It was observed that a time for evolution of poisoning was longer in our study compared to other studies that used the same dose of P. marcgravii in sheep. However, all animals that were poisoned and subsequently treated with magnesium chloride died. The sheep presented characteristic clinical signs before death in addition to other signs that have not been previously described for this type of poisoning, such as abdominal breathing, coughing, head pressing, and nystagmus. This is the first evaluation of hematological parameters of sheep poisoned by P. marcgravii. Leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and hyperglycemia, associated with hypophosphatemia and elevated levels of serum aspartato aminotransferase (AST), glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH), urea, creatinine, creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), were observed. Additionally, changes were noted in necropsy, such as engorged jugular, large vessel congestion, pulmonary edema. Histological examination revealed vacuolar hydropic degeneration in the distal twisted uriniferous tubules in the kidneys, similar to those reported in previous studies on P. marcgravii poisoning.

RESUMO: O presente estudo objetivou verificar a eficácia terapêutica do cloreto de magnésio em ovinos intoxicados experimentalmente por Palicourea marcgravii e descrever os achados clínicos e laboratoriais que possam auxiliar no diagnóstico precoce ante mortem dessa intoxicação. P. marcgravii é a principal planta dentro de um grupo de 22 espécies que causam morte súbita no Brasil e seu princípio tóxico é o monofluoracetato de sódio. Durante o procedimento, observou-se maior tempo de evolução em relação a outros trabalhos utilizando-se a mesma dose da P. marcgravii em ovinos, entretanto todos os animais intoxicados e posteriormente tratados com cloreto de magnésio vieram a óbito. Os ovinos apresentaram sinais clínicos característicos antes da morte, associados a sinais nunca antes descritos nesse tipo de intoxicação, como respiração abdominal, tosse, head pressing e nistagmo. Trata-se da primeira avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos de ovinos intoxicados por P. marcgravi. Foi observado leucocitose com neutrofilia, hiperfibrinogemia e hiperglicemia, associado a elevação dos valores séricos de AST, GLDH, ureia, creatinina, CK, LDH e hipofosfatemia. À necropsia foram notadas alterações como jugular ingurgitada, congestão de grandes vasos, edema pulmonar. Histologicamente havia degeneração hidrópica vacuolar nos túbulos uriníferos contorcidos distais no rim, semelhantes às já relatadas em estudos anteriores, na intoxicação por P. marcgravii.

Evaluation of the serum biochemistry and histopathology of kidney and bladder of dogs with Leishmania sp. in their urine / Avaliação da bioquímica sérica e histopatologia de rim e bexiga de cães com Leishmania sp. na urina

The visceral establishment of Leishmania infantum in dogs may result in kidney and bladder tissue injury, with L. infantum ending up in urine. This study therefore aimed at investigating the presence of Leishmania sp. in urinary sediments, and correlating the results with those from renal and bladder serum biochemistry and histopathology. Thirty dogs with negative Nested-Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for E. canis were used in the experiment, and were divided into three groups: control group (10 dogs), neither leishmaniasis nor clinical changes; group I (15 dogs), leishmaniasis but no Leishmania sp. in urine; and group II (5 dogs), leishmaniasis, as well as Leishmania sp. in urine. All animals were submitted to clinical, serological, and parasitological diagnosis for leishmaniasis, biochemical exams, and kidney and bladder histopathology. The parasite was also detected in the bladder imprint of one group II dog. Group II dogs presented with very low albumin concentrations, low albumin/globulin ratios, and kidney and bladder lesions. In the kidneys, hydropic degeneration, thickened Bowman's capsule, and thickening of the tubular capsule were detected in all dogs with positive urinary sediment. However, no significant difference in these renal changes was observed between groups. The intensity and distribution of bladder inflammatory infiltrates were significantly (p-value < 0.05, Kruskal-Wallis' and Dunn's tests) higher in group II dogs, compared with those of the other groups. The presence of Leishmania sp.in the urine of infected dogs appeared to be related to low serum albumin concentrations and more severe bladder lesions

O estabelecimento visceral de Leishmania infantum em cães pode resultar em lesões nos tecidos dos rins e da bexiga, favorecendo a chegando do parasito até a urina. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a presença de Leishmania sp. em sedimentos urinários e correlacionar os resultados com os achados de quantificações bioquímicas séricas e histopatologia de rim e bexiga. Trinta cães com Nested-Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) negativa para E. canis foram utilizados no experimento e foram divididos em três grupos: grupo controle (10 cães), negativos para leishmaniose e sem alterações clínicas; grupo I (15 cães), com leishmaniose, mas sem Leishmania sp. na urina; e grupo II (5 cães), com leishmaniose e com Leishmaniasp. na urina. Todos os animais foram submetidos a diagnóstico clínico, sorológico e parasitológico para leishmaniose, exames bioquímicos e histopatologia de rim e bexiga. O parasito foi detectado no imprimt de bexiga de um cão do grupo II. Os cães do grupo II apresentaram concentrações muito baixas de albumina, baixa relação albumina/globulina e lesões nos rins e na bexiga. Nos rins, foram detectadas degeneração hidrópica, espessamento da cápsula de Bowman e espessamento da cápsula tubular, em todos os cães com sedimento urinário positivo. No entanto, nenhuma diferença significativa nessas alterações renais foi observada entre os grupos. A intensidade e a distribuição dos infiltrados inflamatórios da bexiga foram significativamente (p-valor < 0,05, testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn) maiores nos cães do grupo II, em comparação com a dos outros grupos. A presença de Leishmania sp. na urina de cães infectados parece estar relacionada a baixa concentração sérica de albumina e a lesões mais graves na bexiga.

Clinical Efficacy and Mechanism of Longdan Xiegantang in Treatment of Pelvic Inflammatory Infertility / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective::To observe the clinical efficacy of Longdan Xiegantang in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory infertility with damp-heat phlegm and phlegm, in order to explore its mechanism of action. Method::Totally 150 patients with phlegm and inflammatory pelvic inflammatory infertility admitted to First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine from January 2017 to December 2018 were enrolled in the study. According to the random number, the patients were divided into control group and observation group, with 75 cases in each group. Control group was given antibiotics combined with Gandan Shuangqing granule, and observation group was given Longdan Xiegantang combined with antibiotics. Both groups were treated for 6 weeks. The clinical efficacy, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, blood rheology and serum biochemical parameters, inflammatory factor levels and immune function indexes of the two groups were compared. Result::The total effective rate of observation group was 93.33%, which was higher than 78.67% of control group (χ2=6.480, P<0.05). The pregnancy rate of observation group was 58.33%, which was significantly higher than 33.82% of control group (χ2=8.862, P<0.01). Before treatment, there was no significant difference in TCM syndrome score, hemorheology, serum biochemical index, inflammatory factor level and immune function between the two groups. Compared with before treatment, the TCM syndrome scores of lower abdominal pain, anal bulge, lumbosacral pain, abnormal bandage and menstrual disorders were significantly reduced, the levels of plasma viscosity, hematocrit, high and low-shear whole blood viscosity were significantly reduced, the level of inhibin-A (INH-A) was significantly increased, the level of progesterone (P) and beita chorionic gonadotropin (β-HCG) were significantly reduced, the levels of serum C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were significantly decreased, the levels of CD4+ and CD8+ were significantly increased, and the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were significantly decreased (P<0.05). After treatment, in observation group, TCM syndrome scores of the lower abdominal pain, anal bulge, lumbosacral pain, abnormal bandage and menstrual disorders were significantly reduced, the levels of plasma viscosity, hematocrit, high and low-shear whole blood viscosity were significantly reduced, the level of INH-A was significantly increased, and the level of P and β-HCG were significantly reduced, the levels of serum CRP, IL-6, TNF-α were significantly decreased, the levels of CD4+ and CD8+ were significantly increased, and the levels of IgA, IgG and IgM were significantly decreased (P<0.05). There was no obvious adverse reaction in two groups during the treatment. Conclusion::Longdan Xiegantang has a good clinical effect in treating pelvic inflammatory infertility with damp-heat phlegm and phlegm, and can reduce TCM syndrome scores, and increase pregnancy rate. The mechanism may be correlated with the improvement of blood rheology and serum biochemical indicators, the inhibition of inflammatory factors and the enhancement of immune function.

Effects of methanolic extract of Brassica juncea seeds on biochemical parameters and histological integrity of the heart and liver of albino rats / Efectos del extracto metanólico de las semillas de Brassica juncea sobre los parámetros bioquímicos y la integridad histológica del corazón y el hígado de ratas albinas

SUMMARY: Brassica juncea (Indian mustard) seeds are consumed in treatment of high blood pressure, headache and prevention of heart disease. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of methanol extract of Brassica juncea seeds [BJME] on the heart and liver of adult Albino Wistar rats. A total of 24 albino rats of both sexes were divided into 6 groups [I - VI] of 4 rats per group. Groups I to IV received graded doses of the methanol extract by oral gavage while groups V and VI (controls) received 2 ml/kg body weight of 3 % Tween 80 and water respectively via oral gavage once daily. Treatment lasted for four weeks and the serum levels of aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were estimated. The animals were sacrificed and the heart and liver tissues were excised for further histological processing for light microscopy. There was significant increase in AST and ALT levels following BJME treatment when compared to the controls. ALP activity did not differ significantly among the treatment and control groups. Histopathological changes consistent with toxic injury were observed in the heart and liver tissues of BJME- treated rats. In conclusion, the results of this study show that sub-acute administration of methanol seed extract of Brassica juncea can exert cardiotoxic and hepatotoxic effects in rats.

RESUMEN: Las semillas de Brassica juncea (mostaza india) se consumen en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial, el dolor de cabeza y la prevención de enfermedades del corazón. El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar los efectos del extracto de metanol de semillas de Brassica juncea [BJME] en el corazón y el hígado de ratas Albino Wistar adultas. Un total de 24 ratas albinas de ambos sexos se dividieron en 6 grupos [I - VI] de 4 ratas por grupo. Los grupos I a IV recibieron dosis del extracto de metanol por sonda oral progresivamente, mientras que los grupos V y VI (control) recibieron 2 ml / kg de peso corporal de 3 % de 80 y agua, respectivamente, por sonda oral una vez al día. El tratamiento duró cuatro semanas y se estimaronlos niveles séricos de aspartato transaminasa (AST), alanina transaminasa (ALT) y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP). Los animales se sacrificaron y fueron analizados los tejidos del corazón y el hígado, para un procesamiento histológico adicional con microscopía óptica. Hubo un aumento significativo en los niveles de AST y ALT después del tratamiento con BJME en comparación con los controles. La actividad de ALP no difirió significativamente entre los grupos de tratamiento y control. Se observaron cambios histopatológicos compatibles con lesiones tóxicas en los tejidos del corazón y el hígado de ratas tratadas con BJME. En conclusión, los resultados de este estudio muestran que la administración subaguda de extracto de semilla de metanol de Brassica juncea puede ejercer efectos cardiotóxicos y hepatotóxicos en ratas.

Haematological and Biochemical Changes Observed Following Sub-chronic Administration of Crude Methanol Extracts of Stellaria media and Cajanus cajan to Wistar Rats

Aims: Stellaria media and Cajanus cajan are nutritive plants used as food and as components of several herbal remedies either singly or in combination with other medicinal plants in Southwestern Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate its effect on haematology and serum biochemistry after a sub-chronic administration to Wistar rats. Study Design: Wistar rats were randomly grouped into four groups and administered methanol extracts of S. media at doses of 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg respectively per os. Same grouping and treatment was carried out for methanol extract of Cajanus cajan. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Animal Science, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria between June and October, 2010. Methodology: The study evaluated the effect of the extract on haematology and serum biochemistry of rats administered with the extract by assessing changes in PCV, MCV, WBC and differential counts while ALT, AST, total protein, albumin, serum bilirubin and creatinine levels were used to assess effects on the liver and kidneys. Results: The study shows no toxic effect in the haematology rather an immunostimulatory effect is seen with both plants. Lymphocyte counts were between 4.6–8.6 X103/mm3 for S. media and 8.3-11.0 X103/mm3 for C. cajan compared to the control rats (4.3 X103/mm3). A possible hepatotoxicity was observed for C. cajan after sub-chronic usage. A non-significant (P>0.05) increase in AST levels were observed with significantly (P<0.05) decreased protein levels of 3.3-3.8 g/dl compared to control rats (5.9 g/dl). Conclusion: Lower doses of ≤100 mg/kg are recommended and caution should be taken when using Stellaria media or Cajanus cajan at high doses and or for prolonged administration.

Avaliação da transferência de imunidade passiva e de constituintes séricos de cordeiros Santa Inês nascidos de partos simples e gemelares no semiárido paraibano / Evaluation of passive immunity transfer and serum constituents of Santa Ines lambs born of single and twin pregnancies in the semiarid region of Paraiba, Brazil

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a influência do tipo de parto sobre a transferência de imunidade passiva e de alguns constituintes séricos de cordeiros recém-nascidos, alimentados naturalmente com colostro materno, criados no semiárido paraibano em sistema extensivo. Foram utilizados 34 cordeiros clinicamente sadios, da raça Santa Inês, os quais foram identificados e pesados imediatamente após o nascimento e separados em dois grupos experimentais com 17 animais cada. O grupo PS (nove machos e oito fêmeas) formado por animais nascidos de partos simples e o grupo PG (seis machos e onze fêmeas) formado por cordeiros nascidos de partos gemelares. A ingestão de colostro se deu de forma natural e voluntária em suas respectivas mães. Foram coletados 10 mL de sangue de cada animal, mediante punção da veia jugular, em tubos siliconizados a vácuo, 48 horas após o nascimento. Após centrifugação, as alíquotas de soro foram separadas e permaneceram congeladas a -15°C até o momento das análises. Para o estudo comparativo dos constituintes séricos, foram constituídos dois grupos experimentais distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial 2x2 (tipo de parto e sexo). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância, cujas médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5%. Foram determinadas as atividades séricas das enzimas aspartato aminotransferase (AST) e gamaglutamiltransferase (GGT) e as concentrações séricas de proteína total, albumina, ureia, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio, utilizando-se conjuntos de reagentes comerciais e as leituras das amostras em espectrofotômetro automático. As atividades séricas de AST, GGT e as concentrações séricas de proteína total, albumina e globulinas dos cordeiros dos grupos PS e PG não foram influenciadas pelo tipo de gestação e sexo. A partir da concentração sérica de proteína total, verificou-se falha de transferência de imunidade passiva (FTIP) nos cordeiros do grupo PG, utilizando-se o valor 5,0g/dL como ponto de corte. Com exceção do cálcio, as concentrações séricas da ureia, creatinina, fósforo e magnésio apresentaram o mesmo padrão de comportamento. Embora esses constituintes não tenham apresentado diferença significativa entre os grupos estudados e o sexo, pôde-se observar valores mais elevados nos animais nascidos de partos simples, sugerindo que a ausência de concorrência pela ingestão voluntária de colostro materno pode ter sido o fator determinante. Pode-se concluir que cordeiros Santa Inês nascidos de partos gemelares e criados extensivamente no semiárido paraibano apresentam falha na transferência de imunidade passiva e alterações/diminuições marcantes nos teores séricos de alguns constituintes bioquímicos, suscitando a necessidade de interferência humana nestes casos.(AU)

This study is concerned with an evaluation of the influence of mode of birth on the transfer of passive immunity and some serum constituents to newborn lambs, naturally fed with colostrum, breed in the semiarid region of the State of Paraiba (Brazil) on an extensive system. Thirty-four clinically healthy Santa Ines lambs were employed, identified and weighted immediately after birth, and divided into two experimental groups of seventeen animals each. The PS group (nine males and eight females) included lambs born of single pregnancies and the PG group (six males and eleven females) comprised of lambs born of twin pregnancies. The colostrum intake occurred naturally and voluntarily at their mothers. Forty-eight hours after birth, 10 mL of blood were collected in siliconized tubes from each animal by puncture of the jugular vein, and maintained under vacuum. After centrifugation, aliquots of sera were separated and kept frozen at -15°C until analyzed. For the comparative study of serum constituents, two experimental groups were formed, distributed in a completely randomized lineation, 2x2 factorial (type of birth and sex). The data were subjected to analysis of variance, whose means were compared by Tukey test at 5%. The serum activities of AST and GGT, and the total protein serum, albumin, urea, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentrations were determined by using sets of commercial reagents; the samples were read by an automatic spectrophotometer. The serum activities of AST, GGT and serum concentrations of total protein, albumin and globulins of the PS and PG lambs groups were not influenced by the type of pregnancy and sex. From the serum concentration of total protein, FTIP was found in the lambs of PG group, using the value of 5.0g/dL as the cutoff point. With the exception of calcium, serum concentrations of urea, creatinine, phosphorus and magnesium showed the same pattern. Although these constituents did not showed significant differences between groups and sex, higher values were observed in animals born of single pregnancies, suggesting that the absence of competition for the voluntary ingestion of colostrum may have been the determining factor. It can be concluded that lambs born twin deliveries and breed extensively in the semiarid region of the State of Paraiba failed to transfer passive immunity and showed significant reduction in serum levels of some biochemical constituents, indicating the need for human interference in these cases.(AU)

Biochemical parameters of the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) of the Brazilian Cerrado / Parâmetros bioquímicos de tamanduás-bandeiras (Myrmecophaga tridactyla Linnaeus, 1758) do cerrado brasileiro

The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) is classified as a vulnerable species on Brazil's list of species at risk of extinction mainly due to deforestation and forest fires. This has contributed to a considerable increase in detailed clinical case records of the treatment of wild species at veterinary institutions. However, the paucity of serum biochemical profiles of healthy giant anteaters has made it difficult to evaluate these animals, preventing diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. The objective of this work was to collect data about the biochemical profile of healthy giant anteaters from the Brazilian Cerrado raised in captivity, in order to better understand the physiological characteristics inherent to this species. Eighteen analytes from 12 healthy giant anteaters were measured. The following means and standard deviations were found in the biochemical analyses: albumin 3.29±0.33g/dL, ALT 15.49±7.98 IU/L, amylase 1037.92±149.04 IU/L, AST 21, 12±7.50 IU/L, total cholesterol 62.79±20.08mg/dL, HDL cholesterol 14.73±4.98mg/dL, LDL cholesterol 26.60±11.05mg/dL, VLDL cholesterol 2.14±1.06mg/dL, CK 111.61±70.16 IU/L, creatinine 1.05±0.37mg/dL, iron 194.64±81.17µg/dL, GGT 65.18±54.57 IU/L, glucose 103.71±29.63mg/dL, globulins 2.76±0.36g/dL, lipase 28.80±5.11 IU/L,TSP 6.05±0.56g/dL, triglycerides 10.71±5.29mg/dL, and urea 53.46±18.28mg/dL. The values found in this study can be used as references for the laboratory evaluation of giant anteaters living in conditions similar to those of this study. This is one of the first reports of biochemical examinations on giant anteaters of the Cerrado biome.(AU)

O tamanduá-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) está classificado como espécie vulnerável na lista brasileira de espécies ameaçadas de extinção devido principalmente ao desmatamento e aos incêndios florestais. Tal fato contribuiu com o aumento da casuística de atendimento de espécies silvestres em instituições veterinárias. Porém, a escassez de valores bioquímicos séricos em tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos tem dificultado a avaliação destes animais, impedindo o diagnóstico, tratamento e prognóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi fornecer dados sobre o perfil bioquímico de tamanduás-bandeiras saudáveis do cerrado brasileiro, criados em cativeiro, a fim de compreender melhor as características fisiológicas inerentes a esta espécie. Foram mensurados 18 analitos de 12 tamanduás-bandeiras hígidos. As médias e o desvio padrão correspondentes às análises bioquímicas foram: albumina 3,29±0,33g/dL; ALT 15,49±7,98 UI/L; amilase 1037,92±149,04 UI/L; AST 21, 12±7,50 UI/L; colesterol total 62,79±20,08mg/dL; colesterol HDL 14,73±4,98mg/dL; colesterol LDL 26,60±11,05mg/dL; colesterol VLDL 2,14±1,06mg/dL; CK 111,61±70,16 UI/L; creatinina 1,05±0,37mg/dL; ferro 194,64±81,17µg/dL; GGT 65,18±54,57 UI/L; glicose 103,71±29,63mg/dL; globulinas 2,76±0,36g/dL; lipase 28,80±5,11 UI/L; PST 6,05±0,56g/dL; triglicerídeos 10,71±5,29mg/dL; ureia 53,46±18,28mg/dL. Os valores encontrados neste estudo podem ser utilizados como referência para a avaliação laboratorial de tamanduás-bandeiras que vivam em condições similares ao do presente estudo. Este é um dos primeiros estudos a relatar exames bioquímicos em tamanduás-bandeiras do bioma cerrado.(AU)

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. in rats

Objective:To investigate the safety levels of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. (H. annuus) in rat.Methods:Acute oral toxicity test of hydromethanol leaf extract of H. annuus was conducted through up and down method at 2.00 g/kg dose limit in rats. The chronic toxicity study was conducted by administering different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g/ kg) of hydromethanol extract of H. annuus in feed, for 90 consecutive days. On days 30, 60 and 90, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats for determination of serum biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the pancreas, livers, kidneys and testis were also conducted.Results:The LDConclusions:The findings suggest that hydromethanol extract of H. annuus is tolerated in short term administration, but long term (up to 90 days) administration at high doses, may elicit hepatic, testicular and nephrotic disorder.

Acute and chronic toxicity studies of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. in rats

Objective: To investigate the safety levels of hydromethanol leaf extract of Helianthus annuus Linn. (H. annuus) in rat. Methods: Acute oral toxicity test of hydromethanol leaf extract of H. annuus was conducted through up and down method at 2.00 g/kg dose limit in rats. The chronic toxicity study was conducted by administering different concentrations (0.25, 0.50 and 1.00 g/ kg) of hydromethanol extract of H. annuus in feed, for 90 consecutive days. On days 30, 60 and 90, blood samples were collected from the retro-orbital plexus of the rats for determination of serum biochemical parameters. Histopathological examination of the pancreas, livers, kidneys and testis were also conducted. Results: The LD50 of the hydromethanol extract of H. annuus was greater than 2.00 g/kg and it significantly (P < 0.05) reduced serum cholesterol. On days 60 and 90, the serum urea and creatinine levels of hydromethanol extract of H. annuus treated groups were elevated when compared with the control group. There were fibrosis in the kidneys and livers; degeneration and necrosis in the testis and significant dose-dependent increases in number and size of pancreatic islet of langerhans. Conclusions: The findings suggest that hydromethanol extract of H. annuus is tolerated in short term administration, but long term (up to 90 days) administration at high doses, may elicit hepatic, testicular and nephrotic disorder.

Avaliação de parâmetros bioquímicos séricos em Tartarugas-da-Amazônia (Podocnemis expansa) mantidas em cativeiro / Evaluation of serum biochemical parameters in Amazon turtles (Podocnemis expansa) hatchlings kept in captivity

Amostras de sangue de Tartaruga-da-Amazônia mantidas em cativeiro foram analisadas com o propósito de avaliar os constituintes bioquímicos séricos e de relacionar ao que já foi relatado por outros pesquisadores, além de gerar mais informações, tendo em vista a escassez de dados envolvendo a espécie estudada. Foram utilizados 35 animais, com idade entre 3 e 7 meses, os quais foram contidos fisicamente para coleta de sangue em tubo sem anticoagulante. As análises bioquímicas foram processadas através de métodos cinéticos (enzimas) e colorimétricos (demais análises), e os valores médios obtidos foram: cálcio 7,0±1,9mg/dL, fóforo 2,8±1,2mg/dL, ácido úrico 1,8±0,8mg/dL, uréia 10,4±3,9mg/dL, alanina aminotransferase (AST) 75,5±33,6 UI/L, proteína total 1,9±0,8g/dL, triglicerídeos 22,9±9,8mg/dL e colesterol 45,3±19,7mg/dL. Observou-se que os valores dos componentes séricos avaliados assemelham-se aos que foram encontrados por outros pesquisadores em estudos bioquímicos séricos com Podocnemis expansa e outras tartarugas de água doce. Importante ressaltar que, no decorrer deste estudo observou-se a escassez de dados publicados sobre parâmetros sanguíneos de tartarugas do gênero Podocnemis, especialmente a espécie Podocnemis expansa, o que corroborou a alta relevância do desenvolvimento de mais pesquisas que envolvam a questão.(AU)

Blood samples from the giant river turtle kept in captivity were analyzed in order to evaluate the serum biochemical constituents and relate to what has been reported by other researchers, beyond the purpose of generating further information, given the paucity of data involving this species. The turtle eggs were from the state of Tocantins and were obtained from direct sampling in their natural habitat. After being collected the eggs were kept in incubators and then the puppies were kept in tanks. Samples were collected after chemical restraint of these animals by intracardiac puncture or cardiocentesis. The samples were centrifuged to obtain serum. Biochemical analyzes were processed by kinetic and colorimetric methods, as described by the manufacturer, and the values obtained were: calcium 7.0±1.9mg/dL, phosphorus 2.8±1.2mg/dL, uric acid 1.8±0.8mg/dL, BUN 10.4±3.9mg/dL, alanine aminotransferase (AST) 75.5±33.6 IU/L, total protein 1.9±0.8g/dL, triglycerides 22.9±9.8mg/dL and cholesterol 45.3±19.7mg/dL. It was observed that the values of the evaluated blood components are similar to those found by other researchers in serum biochemical studies with samples of Podocnemis expansa. During this study we observed the paucity of published data on blood parameters of Podocnemis genus, especially P. expansa species, which confirmed the high relevance of the development of further research involving this topic.(AU)

Perfil bioquímico sérico de equinos clinicamente sadios da raça Campeiro / Serum biochemical profile from clinically healthy Campeiro horses

Amostras de sangue foram obtidas de 138 equinos registrados da raça Campeiro, com idade média de 9,7±5,4 anos, sendo 14 machos (10,15%) e 124 fêmeas (89,85%). Observaram-se valores médios da atividade sérica de GGT: 13,73±4,08 U/L; AST: 246,34±72,87U/L; ALT: 5,13±1,18U/L; FA: 284,32±53,33UI/L; CK: 132,54±72,25U/L; LDH: 511,38±143,65U/L; e das concentrações séricas de ureia: 38,65±12,62mg/dL e de creatinina: 1,24±0,24mg/dL. Os valores médios de AST, FA, ALT, ureia e creatinina foram semelhantes aos propostos na literatura para outras raças. Os valores de CK, GGT e LDH foram superiores aos comumente utilizados como referências. Não houve diferença nas concentrações de nenhum dos componentes séricos avaliados nas diferentes idades analisadas. Maiores valores médios nas concentrações de ureia e menores de creatinina foram observados nas fêmeas em relação aos machos, assim como a maior atividade sérica de FA em fêmeas gestantes em relação às éguas vazias. O perfil bioquímico sérico de equinos sadios da raça Campeiro apresenta variações peculiares que devem ser levadas em consideração na interpretação de exames laboratoriais.(AU)

Blood samples were obtained from 138 equines of the Campeiro breed with mean ages of 9.7±5.4 years, including 14 males (10.15%) and 124 mares (89.85%). Mean values of serum of GGT: 13.73 ± 4.08U/L; AST: 246.34±72.87U/L; ALT 5.13±1.18U/L; FA: 284.32±53.33IU/L; CK: 132.54±72.25U/L; LDH: 511.38±143.65U/L; and serum urea: 38.65±12.62mg/dL and creatinine: 1.24±0.24mg/dL were observed. The mean values of AST, FA, ALT, urea and creatinine were similar to those proposed in the literature for other breeds. The CK values, GGT, and LDH were higher than those commonly used as references. There was no difference in the concentrations of any of the serum components evaluated at different ages analyzed. Further average values in the lower urea concentrations and creatinine were observed in females compared to males, as well as the higher serum activity of FA in pregnant mares in relation to non-pregnant. Serum biochemical profile of healthy horses of the Campeiro breed presents peculiar variations that must be taken into consideration in the interpretation of laboratory tests.(AU)